BETWEEN FOUR WORLDS: CHINA, RUSSIA, JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA;

BETWEEN FOUR CAREERS: DIPLOMAT, ECONOMIST, JOURNALIST AND JAPANOLOGIST;

BETWEEN FOUR LANGUAGES: ENGLISH, CHINESE, RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE
Chapter 19a

BACK TO AUSTRALIA?

1.  The J.P.Keating Scholarship Fiasco

2.   Battling the Bureaucratic Sludge 

3.   Tokyo Spies

4.   The End of the Road 


Meanwhile my problems with the Australian official presence in Tokyo were continuing. 

Apart from only two brief periods when ex-Foreign Affairs colleagues were ambassadors (Geoff Miller and Rawdon Dalrymple), I was to remain generally excluded from any Embassy contact other than the annual Australia Day event. 

The exclusion policy did not bother me too much (though as mentioned earlier, my children when young were to be mild victims). 

I could reconcile it with my standard rationalization, already in danger of serious overuse, namely that if some outfit does like your existence then that proves it was a fairly undesirable outfit to begin with and thank God you did not get involved with its existence to begin with. 

Which is fine enough as it is. But what happens when it sneaks round and bites you on your existence? 

1. The J.P.Keating Scholarship Fiasco 

After eight years of political posturing, including wrecking any chance of an intelligent policy on Aborigines, Bob Hawke had moved on to other pastures. 

He was replaced in 1991 by a media-creation - an alleged Labor Party whiz-kid, John Paul Keating. 

I knew little directly about Keating, other than a fatuous letter he had once written to some journal of opinion, criticizing my criticisms of the man who had done such damage to any hope of a resources policy towards Japan, namely former minerals and resources minister, Rex Connor. 

Keating had naively seen Connor as a great Australian nationalist fighting to protect the Australian national interest from Japanese resource depredations, at a time when everything should have been done to lock Japan into Australian resource supply. (Japan’s steel industry subsequently moved some of its supply sources to other nations, like Brazil.) 

As prime minister, Keating’s main claim to fame was to flip-flop in the other direction. 

Instead of Connor-style restrictions, he now saw liberalizations as the great answer to Australia’s problems. Some of them did some good. Most of them ended up doing much damage (including ‘the recession we had to have’, and fouling up the banking system). 

Even more than most others, Australians seem unable to think mid-road – that policies do not have to be dogmatically one-sided,  that some balance can usually be sought between conflicting needs.

That, for example, we can both protect our resources AND encourage foreigners to help us develop them. 

Instead, and as I saw in my experience with Bill Hayden (see previous chapter),  we have flip-flops. Policy A is the flavour of this month. Its opposite, Policy B, becomes the rage a few months later. 

From the excessive Puritanism of the fifties Australia flip-flopped to the open slather pornography of the sixties. 

From White Australia exclusivity, and keeping out people of clear benefit to Australia, suddenly it became Multicultural openness and allowing in people bound to create problems. 

Earlier, Keating had been known for saying that Asia was the place you flew over en route to Europe and America. 

But now that Asia had become the flavor of the month, he condescended to take more interest, especially towards Japan, then Asia’s dominant nation. 

He came several times to Tokyo, and with much pomp. 

(I was never invited to any of the high-level Embassy ceremonies to greet him, even though I probably knew more of the Japanese at the receptions than any of the Embassy people. 

(But once again, if some outfit wants to ignore your existence….) 

The J.P.Keating Scholarship Offer 

To prove the importance Keating attached to Japan, the Embassy announced proudly that it was offering a generous J.P.Keating scholarship for one, and only one, bright, up-and-coming Japanese academic who would do PhD quality research at the ANU in Canberra, and later go on to serve as the foundation for the development of Japan-Australia economic studies in Japan in the future. 

I was impressed by the offer. Just possibly this would lead to a breakout from the usual stable of second-rate Japanese academic hacks who together with those non-Japanese speaking Japan ‘experts’ at the ANU, had dominated academic ties with Australia. 

I was soon to discover just how wrong you can you be. 

……. 

The Embassy official in charge of the scholarship offer was also in charge of the Australia-Japan Foundation office in Tokyo. 

I never saw much of him, even though one of his main jobs was supposed to be promoting Japan-Australia academic relationships and  I think I was as involved as any other Australian in the world of Japanese academia.
And as mentioned earlier I had been closely involved in setting up the Foundation. 

But at the time that did not matter much since I was even busier than usual with my various Japan activities.. 

Almost every day saw me heading off to some lecture site, often at the other end of Japan, or some committee meeting in Tokyo. 

Writing commitments were also heavy, and this was in pre-computer days when you had to type and retype everything laboriously on a typewriter. 

If I had had an experienced and committed office secretary I might just have been able to hold everything together. 

But such were few. 

Finding An Office Secretary in Japan 

To find a secretary I had had to rely on newspaper ads. They produced dozens of responses requiring dozens of interviews. 
Most applicants were quite unsuitable. They seemed attracted mainly by the alleged glamor, freedom and exoticism of working in a foreigners office. Even so you had to go through the routine of testing them.

Sometimes I felt that the time I spent looking for secretaries might even exceed the amount of time I saved by using their services. 

In short,  losing a secretary and then having to go out and find another was a major disaster. 

To have such a disaster imposed on one deliberately by an Embassy whose job was supposed to be to help, or at least not to obstruct, fellow Australians trying to make out in Japan was an even greater disaster, as I was about to discover. 

Losing a Secretary 

At the time I had managed to find a pleasant enough young lady willing to work for me. She had just finished two years getting an MA in Brisbane. 

She helped get my office into some kind of order. But her main concern, as she admitted frankly, was to find herself a nice husband, preferably Australian. 

Working for me might provide some contacts in that direction, she hoped. 

She was to achieve that ambition, but in a way neither of us would have predicted. 

------ 

Suddenly I discovered that she had been awarded the J.P.Keating scholarship. 

I was astounded. Her only academic qualification was an extremely shallow MA thesis on Japanese management from the less than heavyweight Griffith University in Queensland. 

I had read it hoping to glean some information on a topic of my own interest and had found absolutely nothing of academic or research value. 

During the year or so she was working for me she showed little interest in trying to develop or maintain any academic contacts in Japan,  or anywhere else, or even to follow up on her original research interest. 

I assumed that she simply saw the J.P.Keating Scholarship as a way she could get back to Australia, enjoy the good life there and maybe even find that husband. 

And that is what seems to have happened. For soon after her arrival in Australia she disappeared from the radar screen. 

Certainly she has never reappeared in Japan to carry the banner for Japan-Australia academic studies. 

And for all this, I had to suffer the complete disruption of my office activities? 

Embassy Plots? 

Needless to say I wanted to check out the background this disaster. 

For not only had her sudden departure caused me some very serious inconvenience. What I wanted to know was how a person like her with minimal academic achievement in the past, and zero academic involvement in Japan at the time, could possibly have been chosen for such an important scholarship. 

Was it deliberate- yet another Embassy attempt to make life difficult for me in Japan? Or was it just another example of Embassy incompetence? 

I confronted the Embassy man responsible. 

Did he realize that references were needed for academic appointments or scholarships? And since the lady had no academic attachments in Japan how had she got any references? 

How had he managed to avoid contacting probably the only person in Japan who could comment on her academic abilities, namely myself? 

Worse, why had the entire exercise been carried out behind by back, with every care taken to make sure I did not know about it? 

(She said she had been told by the Embassy to keep things secret from me while the selection process was underway.) 

Said Embassy official seemed quite unflustered by my questions. 

The Embassy had called widely for applicants, he said. She was the only respondee. So she automatically qualified. No references needed. 

And how had the Embassy sought applicants? 

It had advertised in the media and had sent letters to universities calling for applicants. 

Did he realize that universities in Japan usually ignored advertisements and letters, that personal contacts were needed and that it had long been his job as the person running the Foundation office to have such contacts? 

No response. 

2.  Battling the Bureaucratic Sludge

I decided to try to get to the bottom of it all. 

I wrote to the then ambassador, Ashton Calvert, an intelligent man with an ability very unusual for an Australian ambassador in Japan – some knowledge of Japanese, even if not very good Japanese. 

I knew his reputation for hawkish attitudes during a previous posting to Washington. But he also seemed to have some integrity; he had been one of the two officials involved in the 1976 reversal of the foolish Menadue/Whitlam decision to reject a friendship treaty with Japan. 

We had had some interesting and frank talks about Australian policies in general. 

But now he was quite happy to abuse whatever integrity he had had in my eyes, with a reply worthy of a hack bureaucrat - that he was sure that all the correct procedures were followed, that the person selected was an excellent choice, and that he was certain she would contribute greatly to future Japan Australia academic relations etc.etc. 

And at that the friendly contacts that we had had earlier were terminated, abruptly. 

It Gets Worse 

It was a disgusting affair, and not just for the reasons I have already given. 

The aim of the scholarship had been to promote Japan-Australia academic relations. But it had been handled in a way that not only  guaranteed there would be no beneficial impact on Japan-Australia relations.

It had also managed to do great harm to the one Australian closely involved with the Japanese academic scene, namely myself, then president of Tama University and in need of a private secretary even more than usual.

Without wanting to seem too paranoiac I had to assume the whole exercise was either deliberate or bureaucracy gone mad, with those nice people at the ANU cooperating. 

And sure enough those nice people at the ANU were involved. - as if they had not done enough damage in the past to mess up my life.

I wrote to the Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET) which had had final responsibility for the scholarship granting.

Back came an official letter from one Roger Peacock, First Asssistant Secretary:

"The selection panel, with no vested interest in the only candidate, assessed her as suitable for the award. They were, no doubt, influenced in this decision by the Australian National University's assessment that the candidate had a good academic record, useful practical experience and was well equipped to undertake a PhD program at that University."

Oh yes?  So well-equipped as to disappear almost from the moment of arriving in Australia?

But par for the course, coming from those nice people at the ANU who also believed you could study Japan without knowing the language.

Bureaucracy Gone Mad 

Not just the ANU was at fault.  In part I was looking at the bureaucratic nightmare Canberra had become, with individuals only interested in complying with Canberra's bureaucratic procedures.  

Provided the paperwork was all in order. it did not matter what the results were. No one would ever get round to checking results anyway.

The Embassy people felt no embarrassment about the fact that they had had only one applicant for a scholarship that was supposed to change the entire basis of the Japan-Australia academic relationship (not to mention the fact they had messed up my office).

They had done all that was required of them, followed the correct procedures (even though they were irrelevant in Japan) and that was that.

It was the same in the reporting from the Embassy (or the little I saw of it), whether on the economy, the politics, the education or what have you. Provided the writer stuck to the conventional wisdom of the moment he/she would get Canberra brownie points.  

No matter if it was all proved wrong later on.

There were no prizes for original ideas.

That the Canberra bureaucrats, and even Calvert in Tokyo, could go along with the Keating award fiasco without any sense of guilt or remorse simply because all the procedures had been followed shows a breakdown of national commonsense. 

3. Caution - Spies at Work

My angst also lay elsewhere - from the resurgence of my old Vietnam War traumas. 

I had long known that the Embassy had become a refuge for several ex-Vietnam War intelligence types who, having failed to extract enough finger-nails to gain the information needed to win the Vietnam War, had had to be recycled somehow or other. 

A number of them ended up in the Australian Embassy, Tokyo. 

Clearly none of them would be enamored with an anti-Vietnam War type like myself. And one of them happened to be the embassy person handling the J.P.Keating scholarship offer. 

How was a background of intelligence activities in Vietnam supposed to qualify one for academic/cultural work in Japan? 

Maybe it provided a convenient slot for continued spy activity. Or maybe, since the Vietnamese had very understandably expelled these finger-nail pullers from their country, the man had to do something else in life. 

Yet another of these people had ended up as a top Embassy official allegedly handling trade matters. He traveled widely amid rumors (which my official contacts did not deny) that he was controlling Australia’s spy network in much of Asia. 

I did know for a fact that he was active in making sure Clark was excluded from Embassy activities. 

The Embassy had long displayed a plaque praising the services of another one of these ex-Vietnam types who had ended his career working on the premises – Simpson VC. His main achievement had also involved the killing of a large number of Vietnamese. 

But I guess I should not have been too surprised. Australia’s conscience over Vietnam was about as outstanding and noble as Japan’s conscience over China. 

In that sense they make a good pair when it comes to foreign affairs (as I discuss in the next chapter). 

Keating had praised Australian military bravery in a battle where pinned-down Australian troops had done little more than call in heavy artillery and gun-ships to wipe out several hundred Vietnamese peasant soldiers. 

This was the1966 so-called battle of Long Tan, which Keating was lauding even as he was claiming Australia needed to look more to Asia, and Vietnam. 

More Spies? 

With heavy heart I set about the business of finding another secretary – more advertisements, more days wasted in fruitless interviews etc. 

Then just as I was about to give up I had a call from someone with seemingly excellent credentials – fluent English, office experience, fast and accurate typing, young, alert. 

Even better, she had UK Embassy experience, and recommendations. 

But from the start she was strangely picky, checking my work carefully and querying payments. 

Soon after hiring her, on a day when I had to go to Kyushu for a speech, I returned to find a letter of immediate resignation waiting for me. 

She had also arbitrarily taken money from my office account, as wages allegedly due for the brief period she had been with me. 

The whole thing was puzzling. 

Had she been set up by the UK Embassy to check out my office and possibly cause me more problems? 

And were the Australian Embassy people who had created my earlier secretary problem involved? 

The coincidences seemed too strong to be ignored. 

Spy Connections 

I had long had problems with the Brits in Tokyo. 

When working as a correspondent in the early seventies, a UK Embassy press secretary had rung me to say the Embassy was very impressed by my reporting. 

Would I like also to make reports for them on the Japan scene, with payment of course? 

I knew this was a technique that both MI 6 and the KGB liked to use. Inevitably the report writer would then be drawn into a web of deeper intelligence activities. 

I knew also that the Western spy agencies had long targeted journalists in Tokyo.

I could happily say no. 

…. 

But things did not end there. 

For some reason I was often being bothered by second-rate Australian academics and various journalists also claiming to be very interested in my Tokyo work. They would contact me, asking if they could interview me in depth for some article, thesis or book they were writing. 

They too would waste a lot of my. inquiring deeply into my research, activities etc. But invariably there would be no article, thesis or book, not even a follow-up to say thanks. 

One of them – an Australian journalist struggling for existence when I first arrived in Tokyo on my 1968 research project - later had the honesty to admit that he had been acting on behalf of his Embassy contacts. 

His pretext then to come and check out my office was a claimed interest to learn more about Japanese investment overseas – a topic about which he had never written before and has never written since. 

(He later went on to be a leading light in the Australian media community, as did one or two others in the early generation of Australian journalists in Tokyo.
(In those days our hyper-active intelligence agencies had few others to focus on.  Non-Japanese speaking Australian journalists desperate for sources and information were easy recruitment meat.)

(Which meant, of course, that those of us who could refuse their blandishments were easy targets for attack.)

At the Foreign Correspondents Club of Japan two journalists with close and suspicious UK Embassy connections  (also non-Japanese speaking - these people seem invariably to end up relying on embassies)  seemed keen to peddle rumors about my earlier Moscow existence, rumors that could only have come from Australians or British intelligence types.

They claimed they knew how the KGB had tried to blackmail me with a video of my indiscretions. 

Uh huh? Quite apart from the fact that my problems with the KGB never involved blackmail, there was also the fact that in the early 1960’s the video machine did not even exist! 

Journalist groups cry freedom of the Press whenever some foreign government imprisons one of their colleagues. 

That is all very fine. But I suggest they should first make sure their ranks have not been infiltrated by people whom some governments might have good reason to want to imprison. 

And they can begin with quite a few of the British, American and Australian journalists roaming the globe. 

4. The End of the Road 

Taken together, and with some setbacks in trying to get involved with Australian economic policy (which I relate later), I was beginning to realize that my efforts to get reinvolved with Australia were not going to get me very far.

But the coup de grace had yet to come. 

False Pride 

It began with my former employer, The Australian, sending one Richard McGregor to Japan as its Tokyo correspondent. 

McGregor was unusual in that he had learned some Chinese in Taiwan (how that happened I am not sure) and was trying to learn Japanese. 

He wanted to be friendly and I was very happy to reciprocate. Here finally, I thought, was someone on my own wavelength. 

Not only would he be able to follow up on my own efforts to introduce Japan to the newspaper’s readers. 

With his Chinese interest he would also understand some of the problems I had had with the China lobby back in Australia. 

We would meet occasionally and I would try to push him in the direction of good Japan stories. 

I also made no secret of my upset over Canberra’s China policies and earlier Vietnam War activities. 

He made as if to agree with me, but I was wrong. He turned out later to be yet another typically immature Australian hawk and ended up with the UK Financial Times.

But my problem with him was to be more immediate.  

------- 

One day he came to me saying he wanted to write up my lecture circuit activities. He saw me as the successor to an 19th century Australian who had been popular in Japan for his rakugo (joke talking) performances. 

I was not too impressed by the rakugo connection but said yes. 

Deep down I was keen to have someone reporting back to Australia about what I was doing in Japan. 

I could help me greatly in my efforts to reconnect, I thought, foolishly.

A Trip To Osaka 

So that he could see I was into something more serious than rakugo I invited him to come to Osaka with me and watch a speech I was due to give there to some company’s employees. 

En route, there and back, I could also give him some background on how I found myself in the lecture circuit business, thinking this would help his story. 

I also found time to expand confidentially on some of the things we had discussed briefly at earlier in Tokyo meetings – about my problems with the Whitlam regime, with the China lobby, the ANU etc. 

He was, after all, a colleague (I too was still doing some writing for The Australian). I saw it as a chance to fill him in on some of my background. 

It never occurred to me that he would abuse these confidences. Apart from anything else, he was not taking notes or recordings. 

… 

Some months later I got the ugly result. 

Splashed as the lead item in The Australian’s weekend magazine was a piece that said very little about my lecture circuit life. But it did say a great deal about the confidential details I had given him about other things, both during the Osaka trip and before. 

If he had quoted me accurately and in context I could have lived with the result. But that was not to be. 

He had distorted whatever he could to make it look as if I was a bitter and twisted refugee from Australia, demonized by Vietnam. 

I had, he said, been run out of Foreign Affairs in 1965 for opposing Vietnam policy. 

(In fact, as mentioned earlier, I had in 1965 at the very young age of 29 been asked to become Australian representative on the UN Disarmament Commission in New York, and had turned this down in order to resign, partly over Vietnam, with Foreign Affairs hoping I would return after my university studies.) 

I was, he said, employed as a teacher of Japanese at Sophia University. 

(In fact, as mentioned earlier, I was a professor of economics and comparative culture who also ran a very successful course in Japanese economic readings. I had told him how pleased I was with the way the course had encouraged students to self-learn. He had twisted this to make it look as if I was employed by the university solely to teach Japanese.) 

And so on. 

Worse was the way he had made some of my very personal remarks about various people and events look as if I had given them to him in a formal interview. 

It was journalism at its Murdoch, irresponsible, gutter-press worst. 

In my friendly confidential talk with him I had for example referred to someone as a ‘little shit.’ 

He had then quoted me as if I was saying this in a formal interview. 

(Fortunately it backfired since anyone of journalism commonsense could realize that he was abusing a confidence, that no one would use this kind of language in a formal interview. 

(Colleagues told me they were distressed both by the bitchiness of the article, and the fact that it was even published. 

( Unfortunately this Murdoch ‘little shit’ was to come close in realising his objective, however, which was to destroy me as a possible rival for space in the Australian media. 

(Subsequent requests from Australia to write or comment were few.) 

Legal Action 

A friendly Sydney lawyer (yes, they do exist) was also distressed by the article. He offered to take action on my behalf. 

But he advised against seeking damages. He knew how the Murdoch people operated in the law courts. 

He offered to provide the needed lawyer's letter, with a demand the errors of fact corrected in print, which was done.
Even editors at The Australian  had been forced to realise some atrocity had occurred.

But as always with these things, the damage had been done. And later some foreigners in Japan running a small anti-Japan cottage industry were to use the article, without permissions or corrections, in a rather vicious attempt to try to damage my reputation there after I criticised their cottage industry efforts.

---- 

Later I discovered that it was my nice friends in the Australian Embassy and some of their hangers-on who had been feeding McGregor with distorted anti-Clark material and encouraging him to write. 

The Empire had struck back, and with a vengeance. 

It was typical of something I look at in detail in the next chapter – the Australian ‘tribal’ need to denigrate fellow Australians who have been able to survive by their own efforts in Japan. 

'You're not one of our mob, mate' is the mentality. 

Starting from their own inability to relate to Japan, they feel tribally impelled to conclude that there is something either sick or sad with any Australian who can relate – who has chosen to live in Japan, learn the language, raise a family and make a career there. 

Yet it was not always like this.  The educated Australians I had known in the past had been more normal.  Something has happened in the past two decades, to the point where the 'tribal' mores of the general population have begun to affect the educated classes who should know better, and who in the past did know better.

 It is a topic of great interest to me, and not just because of what it has done to complicate my life in Japan.  I explore it in more detail in the next chapter.





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